Abstract
Colistin, which targets lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is used as a last-resort drug against severe infections caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. However, A. baumannii possesses two colistin-resistance mechanisms. LPS modification caused by mutations in pmrAB genes is often observed in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. In addition to LPS modification, A. baumannii has a unique colistin resistance mechanism, a complete loss of LPS due to mutations in the lpxACD genes, which are involved in LPS biosynthesis. This study aimed to elucidate the detailed mechanism of the emergence of colistin-resistant A. baumannii using strains with the same genetic background. Various colistin-resistant strains were generated experimentally using colistin alone and in combination with other antimicrobials, such as meropenem and ciprofloxacin, and the mutation spectrum was analyzed. In vitro selection of A. baumannii in the presence of colistin led to the emergence of strains harboring mutations in lpxACD genes, resulting in LPS-deficient colistin-resistant strains. However, combination of colistin with other antimicrobials led to the selection of pmrAB mutant strains, resulting in strains with modified LPS (LPS-modified strains). Further, the LPS-deficient strains showed decreased fitness and increased susceptibility to many antibiotics and disinfectants. As LPS-deficient strains have a higher biological cost than LPS-modified strains, our findings suggested that pmrAB mutants are more likely to be isolated in clinical settings. We provide novel insights into the mechanisms of resistance to colistin and provide substantial solutions along with precautions for facilitating current research and treatment of colistin-resistant A. baumannii infections. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii has developed resistance to various antimicrobial drugs, and its drug-resistant strains cause nosocomial infections. Controlling these infections has become a global clinical challenge. Carbapenem antibiotics are the frontline treatment drugs for infectious diseases caused by A. baumannii. For patients with infections caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, colistin-based therapy is often the only treatment option. However, A. baumannii readily acquires resistance to colistin. Many patients infected with colistin-resistant A. baumannii undergo colistin treatment before isolation of the colistin-resistant strain, and it is hypothesized that colistin resistance predominantly emerges under selective pressure during colistin therapy. Although the concomitant use of colistin and carbapenems has been reported to have a synergistic effect in vitro against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains, our observations strongly suggest the need for attention to the emergence of strains with a modified lipopolysaccharide during treatment.