Abstract
Adoptive cell-based therapy has emerged as an innovative method for cancer treatment, capitalizing on the innate cytotoxicity of immune cells to eliminate tumors. Although chimeric-antigen-receptor-modified T and natural killer (NK) cells have demonstrated significant therapeutic potential, their clinical translation is hindered by the complex nature of genetic engineering, high production costs, and risks of severe immune-related adverse effects. Addressing these barriers, we present a biomaterial-based approach to engineering NK cells, entirely bypassing the need for genetic modification. Initially, we systematically evaluated the surface modification of NK cells by employing a range of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-lipid biomaterials based on 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) lipid: (a) 2 linear structures with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain lengths (DSPE-PEG2k-DBCO and DSPE-PEG5k-DBCO), (b) a tadpole structure (DSPE-PEG2k-Di-PEG2k-DBCO), and (c) a branched structure (DSPE-PEG2k-HA-DBCO). The tadpole-shaped DSPE-PEG2k-Di-PEG2k-DBCO exhibited remarkable membrane anchoring, biocompatibility, and preservation of membrane integrity and facilitated the subsequent conjugation of gemcitabine-loaded liposomes (GLipo) through DBCO-azide click chemistry, as validated using fluorescence microscopy. The fabricated GLipo-NK cell-drug conjugates maintained native NK cell viability (>80%) and enabled targeted drug release at tumor sites. Our GLipo-modified NK cells showed superior in vitro cytotoxicity against MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells, attributed to a synergistic interaction between immune synapse formation and innate NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This strategy establishes a robust framework for the development of safe, scalable, and effective cell-based immunotherapies aimed at treating solid tumors.