Probiotic efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 from Tibetan pigs in metabolic syndrome: modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic in sows and suckling piglets.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome disrupts metabolic resilience in periparturient sows and compromises piglet growth. As intestinal microbes govern host energy homeostasis, microbiome-directed feed additives represent a practical solution. We therefore evaluated the Tibetan‑pig isolate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106, previously validated in weanlings for its capacity to alleviate sow-associated metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: In a 43‑day trial (20 sows per group), dietary TL106 (5 × 10(9) CFU kg(-1)) increased digestibility of crude fiber (+ 12.5%, p < 0.05) and crude fat (+ 9.3%, p < 0.01), lowered serum IL‑1β (- 34%) and TNF‑α (- 28%), and boosted antioxidant enzymes and immunoglobulins (all p < 0.05). Litter performance improved, with a two‑thirds reduction in diarrhea and heavier piglets at 21 days (+ 15%, aggregate n = 300). Multi‑omics profiling revealed higher cecal α‑diversity, enrichment of butyrate‑producing Ruminococcus and Butyricicoccus (log(2)C 2.1 and 1.8; FDR < 0.05), and activation of histidine‑metabolism and ABC‑transporter pathways (q ≤ 0.03) in piglets, while pathways for amino‑acid biosynthesis, lipid utilization, and steroidogenesis were favored in sows. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 simultaneously enhanced maternal metabolic health and neonatal development by reshaping gut microbiota and host metabolism, positioning it as a micro‑ecological tool for managing metabolic syndrome in Landrace × Yorkshire sows and Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire suckling piglets. Video Abstract.