Scaling perturbations: beyond genome-scale CRISPR screens.

CRISPR screens have become essential tools for systematically probing gene function from basic biology to drug discovery, yet important frontiers remain beyond genome scale. Probing regulatory elements, interpreting genetic variants, and mapping genetic interactions all challenge the sensitivity and scalability of existing approaches. Here we introduce two synergistic technologies to address these limitations. PORTAL (Perturbation Output via Reporter Transcriptional Activity in Lineages) shifts pooled genetics toward quantitative RNA phenotypes, encoding perturbation effects in expressed transcripts to enable single-molecule measurements with lineage or single-cell resolution. CAP cloning (Covalently closed Assembly Products) bypasses bacterial transformation to enable construction of ultrahigh-complexity lentiviral libraries. Combining these advances, we construct a genetic interaction map spanning 665,856 pairwise perturbations across 46 million clonal lineages-the largest exhaustive map in human cells and the first at this scale using a non-fitness phenotype. More broadly, this work charts a path toward comprehensive genetic interaction mapping in human cells.