Abstract
Small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors are used for the treatment of cancer, but off-target effects hinder their clinical use. Especially off-target activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) has to be considered, as it not only governs drug metabolism and elimination, but also can promote tumor growth and cancer drug resistance. Consequently, PXR antagonism has been proposed for improving cancer drug therapy. Here we aimed to identify small-molecule kinase inhibitors of the Tübingen Kinase Inhibitor Collection (TüKIC) compound library that would act also as PXR antagonists. By a combination of in silico screen and confirmatory cellular reporter gene assays, we identified four novel PXR antagonists and a structurally related agonist with a common phenylaminobenzosuberone scaffold. Further characterization using biochemical ligand binding and cellular protein interaction assays classified the novel compounds as mixed competitive/noncompetitive, passive antagonists, which bind PXR directly and disrupt its interaction with coregulatory proteins. Expression analysis of prototypical PXR target genes ABCB1 and CYP3A4 in LS174T colorectal cancer cells and HepaRG hepatocytes revealed novel antagonists as selective receptor modulators, which showed gene- and tissue-specific effects. These results demonstrate the possibility of dual PXR and protein kinase inhibitors, which might represent added value in cancer therapy.