Cortical dopaminergic signaling mediates planning of directional movements.

The anterior-lateral motor cortex (ALM) has been extensively studied as a model for understanding the cortical mechanisms involved in planning directional movements. ALM neurons show preparatory activity that predict whether the mouse will produce a left- or right-directed lick. While the neural mechanisms underlying ALM dynamics and their links to behavior are beginning to be elucidated, the sources of this directional activity remain unclear. Here, we examined the role of ALM dopaminergic circuits in mice performing a directional licking task. We report that dopamine (DA) signals and the activity of neurons expressing D1 receptors (D1R(+)) tracked the preparation and execution of licking and demonstrated a bias for planning of licks aimed at the direction contralateral to the recording site. Unilateral optogenetic manipulations of D1R(+) neurons or DA afferents affected lateral licking in a way consistent with their role in planning contralateral movements. Together, these results show that cortical DA modulation plays an important role in the motor preparation of directional movements.