Conserved heat shock factors HvHSFA2 and HvHSFA3 control barley heat stress memory through diverged mechanisms.

Climate change requires optimizing stress responses in crops. Priming and memory of heat stress (HS) allow plants to improve their tolerance against high temperatures. Here, we investigate HS memory in cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare) to assess whether the mechanisms underlying priming by and memory of HS are conserved in monocots. Mutation of barley HvHSFA2 and HvHSFA3 reduced HS memory. This correlated with altered transcriptional responses of heat-induced genes in the mutants after recurrent HS. Conversely, overexpression of HvHSFA2 increases HS tolerance with no penalty on productivity. While the biological role of HSFA2 and HSFA3 is conserved, their mechanistic functions appear to have diverged; both factors are globally required to boost induction of HS-responsive genes after recurrent HS. In summary, barley HS memory depends on the highly conserved HvHSFA2 and HvHSFA3, however, the underlying transcriptional wiring is different. Our findings provide a tangible route to improve HS tolerance in temperate cereals.