WoundMx: multiplexed detection of wound infection biomarkers with a multimodal sensor system based on laser-induced graphene.

Multiplexed monitoring of wound biomarkers is essential for early detection of infection, inflammation, and assessment of healing. However, existing biosensors lack the sensitivity, specificity, and integration required for clinical needs. We developed a portable multimodal sensing chip to simultaneously detect multiple wound-relevant biomarkers. Specifically, the device integrates laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes for differential pulse voltammetry-based detection of uric acid and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (a biomarker of Pseudomonas aeruginosa), open-circuit potential reading of pH using polyaniline-modified LIG, and a LIG-based extended-gate field effect transistor for detecting interleukin-6. We validated the devices in phosphate-buffered saline and wound simulating medium and demonstrated accurate, multiplexed detection in clinical ranges. Furthermore, in vitro experiments with an agar-based wound model highlighted the system's promise for wound monitoring. The sensing chip was integrated with a wireless analyzer for real-time data acquisition. This minimally invasive platform could support continuous wound assessment by monitoring infection and inflammation for future smart wound dressings.