Dose-dependent effects of camel milk on immune function and metabolic health in weaning rats.

Breastfeeding cannot fulfill an infant’s nutritional needs beyond six months, necessitating the introduction of alternative milk sources. Camel milk has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich profile of nutrients and immunomodulatory properties. This study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of camel milk on general health and immune response in post-weaning rats, with particular attention to sex-specific differences. Male and female rats were divided into: control (GI), and four treatment groups receiving 2.4 mL (GII), 3.4 mL (GIII), 4.4 mL (GIV), or 5.4 mL (GV) of camel milk daily for six weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, including lipid profile, liver and kidney function markers, and immunological responses were assessed before and after immunization with sheep red blood cells. While higher doses (4.4–5.4 mL) significantly enhanced immune response and bone health, they concurrently elevated liver and kidney function parameters. The 3.4 mL dose balanced benefits, showing significant immune enhancement and bone health improvement without adverse metabolic effects. These findings demonstrated that camel milk (3.4 mL for rats/473 mL for infants) safely enhanced immune function, while higher doses risk metabolic stress. The results supported camel milk’s potential as a nutritional supplement during weaning but emphasized the importance of dose regulation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-35775-0.