Coronavesicle-engineered hydrogel sequential photothermal-immunometabolic therapy reprograms tissue microenvironment for diabetic-infected wounds healing.

Persistent infection and dysregulated tissue microenvironment constitute the primary obstacles hindering the healing of infectious diabetic wounds. Herein, we developed an NIR-responsive hydrogel dressing incorporating polyphenol-engineered plant-derived nanovesicles (termed Coronavesicles) via an in-situ deposition strategy, designed to implement sequential photothermal-immunometabolic therapy for infectious diabetic wounds. The coronavesicles within the hydrogel preferentially adhere to bacterial surfaces to deliver localized photothermal therapy (PTT), wherein subsequent heat-triggered rupture releases intrinsic bioactive constituents to enhance antibacterial efficacy. Following bacterial clearance, the released components from coronavesicles synergistically modulate fibroblast proliferation, alleviate oxidative stress, and reverse macrophage-mediated inflammatory immunity. This multi-pronged therapeutic strategy demonstrates desirable treatment outcomes both in vitro and in vivo. This work contributes to the understanding and future development of engineering plant-derived nanovesicles for diabetic wound management.