NR2F2/AGAP2 axis: regulating lipid synthesis to drive AML progression via AMPKα/ACC pathway.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the role of AGAP2 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), particularly its involvement in lipid metabolic reprogramming and AML progression, and to explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms. METHODS: AGAP2 expression was analyzed in CD34⁺ cells from AML patients stratified by cytogenetic risk. Functional assays, including knockdown and overexpression of AGAP2, were performed in KG-1 and HL-60 AML cell lines to assess effects on proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and lipid metabolism. mRNA sequencing and KEGG pathway analysis were used to identify relevant signaling pathways. Lipid accumulation was evaluated via Filipin III staining. The AMPK pathway activator GSK621 was applied to examine lipid deposition. In vivo tumor growth and survival were studied in a mouse model, and bone marrow infiltration of CD45⁺ cells was analyzed. The transcriptional regulation of AGAP2 by NR2F2 was assessed through promoter binding and functional rescue experiments. RESULTS: AGAP2 was highly expressed in CD34⁺ cells from AML patients, with higher levels in the poor-risk group compared to favorable- and intermediate-risk groups. Knockdown of AGAP2 induced apoptosis and differentiation, while its overexpression promoted cell proliferation. KEGG analysis indicated enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the AMPK pathway. AGAP2 was found to inhibit AMPK/ACC pathway activation. Overexpression of AGAP2 increased lipid deposition whereas GSK621 treatment reversed it. In vivo, AGAP2 knockdown suppressed tumor growth, improved survival, and reduced CD45⁺ cell infiltration in bone marrow. Furthermore, NR2F2 bound to the AGAP2 promoter and suppressed its transcription. NR2F2 overexpression reduced lipid accumulation, an effect reversed by AGAP2 overexpression. CONCLUSION: AGAP2 promotes lipid deposition and AML progression by inhibiting the AMPKα/ACC pathway. NR2F2 acts as a transcriptional repressor of AGAP2, thereby attenuating AML development. These findings reveal a novel NR2F2/AGAP2/AMPK/ACC regulatory axis in AML, highlighting potential therapeutic targets for lipid metabolism-based interventions in leukemia. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13402-026-01184-8.