Tramadol induces hormonal imbalance, histopathology, and altered ovarian gene expression in mice.

OBJECTIVE: Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a modest opioid effect similar to morphine and codeine, but less potent; it is mainly prescribed for the treatment of mild to moderate pain. Tramadol exhibits both opioid and non-opioid properties, primarily affecting the central nervous system. Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of tramadol on female reproductive function and ovarian toxicity, as well as to examine oocyte survival and follicular development in mice exposed to tramadol. METHODS: Mice were treated with tramadol at 50 mg/kg daily for 3 weeks. Blood levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone were measured. The ovaries of the mice were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies. RESULTS: Our results revealed that tramadol provoked ovarian atrophy by inducing oxidative stress, while also decreasing oocyte survival and impairing follicular development. CONCLUSION: Although further research is necessary, the findings indicate that tramadol could reduce fertility in female mice.