Abstract
Increased vascular permeability is a frequent outcome of viperid snakebite envenomation, leading to local and systemic complications. We reported that snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins (svCRiSPs) from North American pit vipers increase vascular permeability both in vitro and in vivo. They also induce acute activation of several adhesion and signaling molecules that may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of snakebites. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained interest for their diverse functions in intercellular communication, regulating cellular processes, blood-endothelium interactions, vascular permeability, and immune modulation. They also hold potential as valuable biomarkers for diagnosing, predicting, and monitoring therapeutic responses in different diseases. This study aimed to identify proteins in peritoneal exudate and plasma EVs isolated from BALB/c mice following a 30 min post-injection of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus venom and its purified CRiSP (Css-CRiSP). EVs were isolated from these biofluids using the EVtrap method. Proteomic analysis of exudate- and plasma-derived EVs was performed using LC-MS/MS. We observed significant upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton rearrangement, signal transduction, immune responses, and vesicle-mediated transports. These findings suggest that svCRiSPs play a crucial role in the acute effects of venom and contribute to the local and systemic toxicity of snakebites.