Abstract
Thioredoxin reductases (TrxR) activate thioredoxins (Trx) that regulate the activity of diverse target proteins essential to prokaryotic and eukaryotic life. However, very little is understood of TrxR/Trx systems and redox control in methanogenic microbes from the domain Archaea (methanogens), for which genomes are abundant with annotations for ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductases [Fdx/thioredoxin reductase (FTR)] from group 4 of the widespread FTR-like family. Only two from the FTR-like family are characterized: the plant-type FTR from group 1 and FDR from group 6. Herein, the group 4 archetype (AFTR) from Methanosarcina acetivorans was characterized to advance understanding of the family and TrxR/Trx systems in methanogens. The modeled structure of AFTR, together with EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopies, supports a catalytic mechanism similar to plant-type FTR and FDR, albeit with important exceptions. EPR spectroscopy of reduced AFTR identified a transient [4Fe-4S]1+ cluster exhibiting a mixture of S = 7/2 and typical S = 1/2 signals, although rare for proteins containing [4Fe-4S] clusters, it is most likely the on-pathway intermediate in the disulfide reduction. Furthermore, an active site histidine equivalent to residues essential for the activity of plant-type FTR and FDR was found dispensable for AFTR. Finally, a unique thioredoxin system was reconstituted from AFTR, ferredoxin, and Trx2 from M. acetivorans, for which specialized target proteins were identified that are essential for growth and other diverse metabolisms.