Aims
Lipid accumulation is the major characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the prevalence of which continues to rise. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of icaritin on lipid accumulation.
Background and aims
Lipid accumulation is the major characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the prevalence of which continues to rise. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of icaritin on lipid accumulation.
Conclusions
Icaritin attenuates lipid accumulation by increasing energy expenditure and regulating autophagy by activating the AMPK pathway.
Methods
Cells were treated with icaritin at 0.7, 2.2, 6.7, or 20 µM for 24 h. The effects on lipid accumulation in L02 and Huh-7 cells were detected by Bodipy and oil red O staining, respectively. Mitochondria biogenesis of L02 cells was detected by MitoTracker Orange staining. Glucose uptake and adenosine triphosphate content of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes were detected. The expression levels of proteins in the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, biomarkers of autophagy, and mitochondria biogenesis were measured by western blotting. LC3 puncta were detected by immunofluorescence.
Results
Icaritin significantly attenuated lipid accumulation in L02 and Huh-7 cells and boosted the mitochondria biogenesis of L02 cells. Icaritin enhanced glucose uptake, decreased adenosine triphosphate content, and activated the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. Icaritin boosted autophagy and also enhanced the initiation of autophagic flux in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myoblasts. However, icaritin decreased autophagy and promoted mitochondria biogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. Conclusions: Icaritin attenuates lipid accumulation by increasing energy expenditure and regulating autophagy by activating the AMPK pathway.