Abstract
Climate change is posing unprecedented pressure onto marine ecosystems worldwide. This makes it imperative to monitor the effects that are being experienced in these environments. Nudibranchs are benthic marine organisms that possess characteristics that have the potential to act as indicators of change within ecosystems such as coral reefs. Therefore, these species have the ability to provide valuable information on fine-scale changes in environmental conditions. It is thus essential for studies, such as this, to establish baseline analyses from which changes within nudibranch populations can be examined in order to investigate their ability to act as bioindicators. Recommendations can also be made for future sampling procedures through investigating environmental and experimental parameters that influence nudibranch communities. Nudibranch populations were sampled on Two-Mile Reef in Sodwana Bay, South Africa, through SCUBA where individuals were photographed and later identified. Data were collected within a sample-based dataset, as well as by citizen scientists within an incidence-based dataset. Across both datasets, a total of 85 species were identified. Nudibranch populations showed high levels of diversity within an uneven, unstable community. Citizen scientist data provided imperative information to the baseline assessment and, therefore, the inclusion of these data increased the robustness of this study. Environmental and experimental variables investigated did not influence the outcomes of this study and should therefore not be heavily focused on in designing future experiments. Future monitoring studies should continue to record oceanic pH in order to detect any possible changes due to ocean acidification. It is recommended that sampling events should be increased in order to capture all species present in these localities. These events should also encompass an extended temporal scale in order to cover a larger temperature range. Research on bioindicators is essential within today's rapidly changing climate, mainly due to human activities, particularly within an extremely vulnerable habitats such as coral reefs.