Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Precise volumetric evaluation of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and perihaematomal oedema (PHO) is essential but manual segmentation is time-consuming and susceptible to variability. We aimed to develop and externally validate a deep learning model for simultaneous segmentation of ICH, IVH and PHO on non-contrast CT (NCCT) in patients with spontaneous ICH. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 3D U-net model was trained with 5-fold cross-validation on baseline NCCTs from 301 patients included in 2 prospective multicentre studies. External validation was performed on 141 baseline NCCTs from another multicentre study. Model performance was evaluated against manual ground truth segmentations using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS: The model achieved a median DSC of 0.93 (IQR 0.91-0.94) for ICH, 0.75 (IQR 0.57-0.82) for IVH and 0.53 (IQR 0.34-0.65) for PHO. Volume correlations were excellent for ICH (mean absolute and consistency ICC both 0.98 [95% CI 0.98-0.99]) and IVH (absolute ICC 0.97 [95% CI 0.92-0.98]; consistency ICC 0.98 [95% CI 0.96-0.99]), and moderate for PHO (absolute ICC 0.60 [95% CI -0.08-0.85]; consistency ICC 0.82 [95% CI 0.76-0.87]). Bland-Altman analyses demonstrated a bias for ICH of -0.48 mL (LoA -8.21 to 7.26), for IVH of -1.68 mL (LoA -7.35 to 3.99) and for PHO of 13.91 mL (LoA -4.85 to 32.68). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The model enables accurate automated segmentation of ICH, while IVH and PHO segmentation remain more challenging. Automated segmentations may already serve as reliable pre-segmentations in research, but require visual assessment and correction, in particular for IVH and PHO.