Abstract
Background/Objectives: Moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as traditional beer has been associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in inflammation and oxidative stress, yet the impact of moderate fermented beverage consumption on blood miRNA profiles remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of regular, moderate intake of traditional and alcohol-free beer on whole blood miRNA levels in healthy adults. Methods: Whole blood samples were collected at baseline and after a 4-week intervention with alcohol-free beer and traditional beer in healthy overweight/obese adults (n = 36). miRNA profiling was performed using Affymetrix in a discovery subset, followed by targeted validation using real-time PCR in the full cohort. Bioinformatics and system biology analysis were applied to explore potential functional associations. Results: After traditional beer consumption, 202 miRNAs showed differential expression compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Eighteen miRNAs with changes ≥1.5-fold and the two miRNAs with the lowest p-values (p < 0.005) were selected for further analysis. Of them, the six miRNAs with the most consistent expression patterns were validated by real-time PCR. Moderate beer intake was associated with increased levels of miR-144-5p and miR-19a-3p in the overall population. Sex-stratified analyses suggested a tendency toward higher levels in these miRNAs in women following traditional beer intake. In silico analysis showed that predicted target genes of these miRNAs are involved in pathways related to immune regulation and inflammatory signaling. Conclusions: Moderate beer consumption is associated with consistent changes in whole-blood miRNA expression, particularly miR-144-5p and miR-19a-3p, in a healthy overweight/obese population. These findings support a potential role for epigenetic modulation in the biological response to moderate beer intake and provide a basis for future mechanistic studies.