Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Dendritic spine loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) strongly correlates with cognitive decline, whereas spine preservation is associated with cognitive resilience. Yet, whether and how neurons compensate for spine loss in AD remains largely unknown. METHODS: We developed a chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) strategy to selectively eliminate dendritic spines to model this key feature of AD. Two-photon microscopy was used to monitor the structural plasticity of spines over time after spine elimination. Validation experiments were conducted in amyloid beta (Aβ)-driven models of synapse loss, including APP/PS1 mice and intracortical delivery of oligomeric Aβ. RESULTS: We discovered that dendritic spine elimination-induced either artificially or in Aβ models-triggers a two-stage compensatory response: rapid enlargement of remaining spines followed by delayed spine regeneration. DISCUSSION: These findings provide direct evidence that neurons retain an intrinsic capacity to reverse early synaptic loss in AD, potentially contributing to cognitive resilience. HIGHLIGHTS: We developed a targeted optogenetic tool to selectively eliminate individual dendritic spines in live neurons, both in vitro and in vivo. We discovered a two-stage compensatory response to spine loss: rapid enlargement of surviving spines followed by delayed regeneration. We showed that the compensatory enlargement of dendritic spines depends on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation and protein synthesis. We validated across multiple Alzheimer's disease models, demonstrating that similar compensatory plasticity occurs after amyloid beta oligomer-induced synapse loss. We postulate that synaptic resilience is an active neuronal program rather than a passive byproduct of pathology.