Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is a growing burden of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and heart failure (HF) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), yet outcomes remain poor compared to high-income countries. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) international guidelines are pivotal to the delivery of evidence-based care; however, their representation of populations from SSA remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the representation of populations from SSA in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that inform ESC ACS and HF guidelines. METHODS: We systematically analyzed pharmacotherapeutic RCTs contributing to the 2021 ESC HF and 2023 ACS guidelines, extracting data from ClinicalTrials.gov. We assessed the proportion of RCTs that included contributions from countries in each World Bank income group, focusing on the involvement of SSA countries and examining temporal trends. RESULTS: Among the RCTs underpinning the ESC HF guidelines (n = 119) and ACS guidelines (n = 343), 75.9% were conducted exclusively in high-income countries. Middle-income countries were included in 22.2% of the trials, but none featured low-income countries. Within SSA, only South Africa was represented, contributing to 14.2% of HF and 8.2% of ACS RCTs. The number of HF RCTs involving populations from SSA has risen, from 2.6% in the 1990s to 50% post-2020 (P for trend< 0.05). For ACS RCTs, the proportion of trials involving populations in SSA increased from 1.8% pre-1990 to 23.4% during 2000 to 2009 (P for trend = 0.003), then declined to 11.3% in the following decade. CONCLUSIONS: There is a marked underrepresentation of SSA countries in ACS and HF pharmacotherapy RCTs. South Africa is the sole contributor from the region, which may affect applicability and generalizability of global guidelines to populations in SSA.