Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs), derived from primary tumours, play a pivotal role in cancer metastasis by migrating into the peripheral bloodstream. These cells are paramount in clinical research, serving as early diagnostic markers for metastatic cancer. Analysing CTC counts and their biomarker characteristics can provide invaluable insights into tumour identification, profiling, and metastatic capabilities. However, the rarity and diverse nature of CTCs in the bloodstream present significant challenges to their isolation and detection, especially in the initial stages of metastasis. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of innovative CTC separation and detection methods. This review focuses on applying nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and microfluidic platforms to simplify the isolation and detection of CTCs. The infusion of nanotechnology in this field marks a crucial turning point, enabling the necessary progress to advance CTC research.