Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most common and aggressive form of primary malignant brain tumor in the adult population, and, despite modern therapies, patients often develop recurrent disease, and the disease remains incurable with median survival below 2 years. Resistance to bevacizumab is driven by hypoxia in the tumor and evofosfamide is a hypoxia-activated prodrug, which we tested in a phase 2, dual center (University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio and Dana Farber Cancer Institute) clinical trial after bevacizumab failure. Tumor hypoxic volume was quantified by 18F-misonidazole PET. To identify circulating metabolic biomarkers of tumor hypoxia in patients, we used a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based approach to profile blood metabolites and their specific enantiomeric forms using untargeted approaches. Moreover, to evaluate early response to treatment, we characterized changes in circulating metabolite levels during treatment with combined bevacizumab and evofosfamide in recurrent GBM after bevacizumab failure. Gamma aminobutyric acid, and glutamic acid as well as its enantiomeric form D-glutamic acid all inversely correlated with tumor hypoxia. Intermediates of the serine synthesis pathway, which is known to be modulated by hypoxia, also correlated with tumor hypoxia (phosphoserine and serine). Moreover, following treatment, lactic acid was modulated by treatment, likely in response to a hypoxia mediated modulation of oxidative vs glycolytic metabolism. In summary, although our results require further validation in larger patients' cohorts, we have identified candidate metabolic biomarkers that could evaluate the extent of tumor hypoxia and predict the benefit of combined bevacizumab and evofosfamide treatment in GBM following bevacizumab failure.