Abstract
Osteoporosis, characterized by diminished bone mass and microarchitectural degeneration, increases fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women (postmenopausal osteoporosis), leading to reduced quality of life and increased mortality. Recent research has highlighted the gut-bone axis, showing how the gut microbiota influences bone health through immune modulation, endocrine regulation, and calcium absorption. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut microbiota (e.g., decreased Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes), has been linked to osteoporosis by enhancing osteoclast activity and bone loss. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus strains, promise to increase bone density and alter immune responses. Still, challenges remain in translating these findings to human applications due to issues with dosage and tolerability. Future studies will seek to clarify the function of the gut microbiome in bone health, hence opening the path for tailored therapies aimed at gut flora. Emphasizing postmenopausal osteoporosis, this article will investigate how gut microbiota influences calcium absorption, endocrine regulation, immunological modulation, and bone metabolism. The goal is to develop treatments aimed at gut microbiota to enhance patient outcomes and osteoporosis management. A review of existing literature was conducted, focusing on experimental studies and clinical trials that investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and bone health, including immune and endocrine mechanisms. Relevant studies were selected based on their focus on gut microbiota and bone metabolism, and their findings were synthesized to explore the impact of microbiota modulation on bone health outcomes.