Abstract
In the diverse landscape of African hominids, the obligate relationship between the host and its microbiome narrates signals of adaptation and co-evolution. Sequencing 546 African hominid metagenomes, including those from indigenous Hadza and wild chimpanzees, identified similar bacterial richness and diversity surpassing those of westernized populations. While hominids share core bacterial communities, they also harbor distinct, population-specific bacterial taxa tailored to specific diets, ecology and lifestyles, differentiating non-indigenous and indigenous humans and chimpanzees. Even amongst shared bacterial communities, several core bacteria have co-diversified to fulfil unique dietary degradation functions within their host populations. These co-evolutionary trends extend to non-bacterial elements, such as mitochondrial DNA, antimicrobial resistance, and parasites. Our findings indicate that microbiome-host co-adaptations have led to both taxonomic and within taxa functional displacements to meet host physiological demands. The microbiome, in turn, transcends its taxonomic interchangeable role, reflecting the lifestyle, ecology and dietary history of its host.