Abstract
BACKGROUND: Amniocentesis for genetic diagnosis is most commonly done between 15 and 22 weeks of gestation but can be performed at later gestational ages. The safety and genetic diagnostic accuracy of amniocentesis have been well-established through numerous large-scale multicenter studies for procedures before 24 weeks, but comprehensive data on late amniocentesis remain sparse. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the indications, diagnostic yield, safety, and maternal and fetal outcomes associated with amniocentesis performed at or beyond 24 weeks of gestation. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted an international multicenter retrospective cohort study examining pregnant individuals who underwent amniocentesis for prenatal diagnostic testing at gestational ages between 24w0d and 36w6d. The study, spanning from 2011 to 2022, involved 9 referral centers. We included singleton or twin pregnancies with documented outcomes, excluding cases where other invasive procedures were performed during pregnancy or if amniocentesis was conducted for obstetric indications. We analyzed indications for late amniocentesis, types of genetic tests performed, their results, and the diagnostic yield, along with pregnancy outcomes and postprocedure complications. RESULTS: Of the 752 pregnant individuals included in our study, late amniocentesis was primarily performed for the prenatal diagnosis of structural anomalies (91.6%), followed by suspected fetal infection (2.3%) and high-risk findings from cell-free DNA screening (1.9%). The median gestational age at the time of the procedure was 28w5d, and 98.3% of pregnant individuals received results of genetic testing before birth or pregnancy termination. The diagnostic yield was 22.9%, and a diagnosis was made 2.4 times more often for fetuses with anomalies in multiple organ systems (36.4%) compared to those with anomalies in a single organ system (15.3%). Additionally, the diagnostic yield varied depending on the specific organ system involved, with the highest yield for musculoskeletal anomalies (36.7%) and hydrops fetalis (36.4%) when a single organ system or entity was affected. The most prevalent genetic diagnoses were aneuploidies (46.8%), followed by copy number variants (26.3%) and monogenic disorders (22.2%). The median gestational age at delivery was 38w3d, with an average of 59 days between the procedure and delivery date. The overall complication rate within 2 weeks postprocedure was 1.2%. We found no significant difference in the rate of preterm delivery between pregnant individuals undergoing amniocentesis between 24 and 28 weeks and those between 28 and 32 weeks, reinforcing the procedure's safety across these gestational periods. CONCLUSION: Late amniocentesis, at or after 24 weeks of gestation, especially for pregnancies complicated by multiple congenital anomalies, has a high diagnostic yield and a low complication rate, underscoring its clinical utility. It provides pregnant individuals and their providers with a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation and results before delivery, enabling informed counseling and optimized perinatal and neonatal care planning.