Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor for cognitive decline, impacting multiple cognitive domains and significantly elevating the risk of conditions such as mild cognitive impairment and dementia. In addition to aging, several diseases contribute to cognitive decline. Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, leads to the loss of neurons and synapses in the brain, resulting in a profound decline in cognitive abilities and functional capacity. Several studies provide compelling evidence that modifiable lifestyle factors play a crucial role in influencing cognitive health. Adopting healthier behaviors has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of cognitive decline. Genetic factors also play a crucial role in cognitive decline, with several genes being identified that influence the risk of developing conditions like Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Long-term use of opioids and cocaine is also associated with cognitive decline, affecting functions such as memory and executive processes. Understanding the factors contributing to cognitive decline in aging and disease is essential for developing strategies to mitigate its impact. The drugs available to treat patients with cognitive decline due to advanced aging and drug abuse are also summarize.