Abstract
Diets should be healthy for the benefits of both humans and the environment. The World Index for Sustainability and Health (WISH) was developed to assess both diets' healthiness and environmental sustainability, and the index was applied in this study. Food intake quantities for single foods were calculated based on the data collected from four 24-h recalls during two seasons in 2019/2020 with women of reproductive age in two rural areas each in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (n = 1152). Single foods were grouped into 13 food groups, and the amount of each food group consumed was converted to an overall WISH score and four sub-scores. The food groups with a low WISH score were fruits, vegetables, dairy foods, fish, unsaturated oils and nuts, meaning that their consumption was outside the recommended range for a healthy and sustainable diet. Contrariwise, the intake of red meat and poultry was partly above the recommended intake for those women who consumed them. The overall WISH score and sub-scores showed that the consumption of "protective" food groups needed to increase in the study population, while the consumption of "limiting" food groups was sufficient or should decrease. For future application, we recommend dividing food groups that are critical for nutrition, e.g., vegetables, into sub-groups to further understand their contribution to this index.