Abstract
The nucleus angularis (NA), one of the two cochlear nuclei of birds, plays an important role in the processing of sound intensity. To begin investigating the NA in detail in the barn owl, which is a popular animal model for neural mechanisms of sound localization, a frequency map for this nucleus is presented here. Focal injections of horseradish peroxidase or neurobiotin were placed either in the NA or in the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis, labeling small groups of auditory nerve fibers of known characteristic frequency (CF) from 0.25 to 9.6 kHz. The courses of their axonal branches were used to construct a composite average map of the tonotopic frequency representation in the nucleus angularis. Nucleus angularis in the barn owl, as seen in frontal sections, resembles a sheet of cells bent approximately into an S shape. The lowest frequencies were found represented at the ventromedial extreme. The representation of increasingly higher frequencies then followed the S shape, with the highest frequencies located at the ventrolateral tip. Auditory nerve fibers of a given CF always entered the nucleus angularis within a well-restricted area and then traveled along their isofrequency band within the NA while branching off terminals. The isofrequency bands were typically slanted from caudo-ventro-medial to rostro-dorso-lateral. The basic tonotopic organization is comparable to that found in other birds, the major differences being the large size and unusual shape of the barn owl's nucleus angularis.