Abstract
The life cycle of adenoviruses is divided by convention into early and late phases, separated by the onset of viral genome replication. Early events include virus adsorption, transport of the genome into the nucleus, and the expression of early genes. After the onset of viral DNA replication, transcription of the major late transcription unit (MLTU) and thereby synthesis of late proteins is induced. These steps are controlled by an orchestra of regulatory processes and require import of the genome and numerous viral proteins into the nucleus, as well as active transport of viral transcripts and proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The latter is achieved by exploiting the shuttling functions of cellular transport receptors, which normally stimulate the nuclear export of cellular mRNA and protein cargos. A set of adenoviral early and late proteins contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal of the HIV-1 Rev type, known to be recognized by the cellular export receptor CRM1. However, a role for CRM1-dependent export in supporting adenoviral replication has not been established. To address this issue in detail, we investigated the impact of two different CRM1 inhibitors on several steps of the adenoviral life cycle. Inhibition of CRM1 led to a reduction in viral early and late gene expression, viral genome replication, and progeny virus production. For the first time, our findings indicate that CRM1-dependent shuttling is required for the efficient export of adenoviral early mRNA.