Abstract
BACKGROUND: There are many pathological changes in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. For many years, the mainstream view on the pathogenesis of AD believes that β-amyloid (Aβ) usually acts independently in addition to triggering functions. However, the evidence now accumulating indicates another case that these pathological types have synergies. The objective of this study was to investigate whether effects of Aβ pathology on cognition were mediated by AD pathologies, including tau-related pathology (p-tau), neurodegeneration (t-tau, MRI measurements), axonal injury (NFL), synaptic dysfunction (neurogranin), and neuroinflammation (sTREM2, YKL-40). METHODS: Three hundred seventy normal controls (CN) and 623 MCI patients from the ADNI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) database were recruited in this research. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the associations of baseline Aβ with cognitive decline and biomarkers of several pathophysiological pathways. Causal mediation analyses with 10,000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediation effects of AD pathologies on cognition. RESULTS: Tau-related pathology, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation are correlated with the concentration of Aβ, even in CN participants. The results show that age, gender, and APOE ε4 carrier status have a moderating influence on some of these relationships. There is a stronger association of Aβ with biomarkers and cognitive changes in the elderly and females. In CN group, Aβ pathology is directly related to poor cognition and has no mediating effect (p < 0.05). In mild cognitive impairment, tau-related pathology (26.15% of total effect) and neurodegeneration (14.8% to 47.0% of total effect) mediate the impact of Aβ on cognition. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, early Aβ accumulation has an independent effect on cognitive decline in CN and a tau, neurodegeneration-dependent effect in the subsequent cognitive decline in MCI patients.