Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) caused by L-serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) causing asymptomatic infection, and anogenital disease. Epidemiologically, LGV has been strongly associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS: Using a retrospective longitudinal study design, we first described unadjusted and adjusted associations between demographic and sociobehavioral characteristics and rectal (r) CT (rCT) and rLGV in sexual health clinic attendees in Baltimore, MD, between 2009 and 2016 at baseline visits. Rectal samples that tested positive for CT with the Aptima AC2 assay underwent DNA extraction and in-house L-serovar PCR analysis. Then, patients were followed over 24 months and incident STIs were described using multivariable Cox-proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS: In 292/391 (73.4%) patients who were male-assigned at birth (MAB), LGV prevalence was 20/292 (6.8% (95% confidence interval, 4.2%-10.4%)). In the final multivariable regression model, LGV was significantly associated with age greater than 25 years, transgender identity, and a history of syphilis. Baseline LGV was not associated with incident HIV or gonorrhea, but after adjusting for age, race, HIV status, and history of syphilis, LGV was marginally associated with a new syphilis diagnosis (hazard ratio 2.35 (95% confidence interval, 0.96-5.73), P = 0.06) over 24 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Lymphogranuloma venereum accounted for almost 7% of rCT in patients MAB attending sexual health clinics in Baltimore between 2009 and 2016. Lymphogranuloma venereum was not associated with prevalent or incident HIV as in other studies. FDA-cleared tests and better surveillance measures are required to understand changes in the epidemiology of LGV in the United States.