Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as the only effective way to control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results in HIV drug resistance. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become a common method for identifying drug-resistant variants and reducing analysis costs. The aim of this study was to develop an NGS-based protocol for identifying resistance mutations and cell tropism of HIV-1 in adult patients with and without treatment experience in Russia in 2024-2025. Plasma samples from adult HIV-infected patients from Russia were analyzed. Consensus nucleotide sequences of pol and env genes were obtained using NGS. HIV-1 drug resistance analysis was conducted using the Stanford University HIVdb database. CXCR4 cell tropism was predicted using an empirical rule classifier. A protocol for NGS of HIV-1 pol and env genes was developed. The most common HIV-1 surveillance mutations were in the reverse transcriptase. High levels of resistance were observed to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in treatment-experienced patients and to NNRTIs in treatment-naïve patients. Low levels of resistance were observed to protease and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). CXCR4 cell tropism was extremely rare. NGS allows for the simultaneous processing of large data sets during epidemiological studies. The introduction of NGS-based protocols allows for performing ART efficiency and tropism monitoring at scale.