Abstract
Whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) is always completely suppressive, or HIV might continue to replicate at low levels despite ART in some people with HIV (PWH), is still debated. Here, we intensified the ART regimen by doubling dolutegravir (DTG) dosage and investigated the impact of this strategy on HIV blood and tissue reservoirs, immune activation, and inflammation. Twenty HIV-infected adults, who had received a triple ART consisting of 50 mg DTG/600 mg abacavir/300 mg lamivudine pre-intensification and had been suppressed on ART for at least 2 years, were enrolled in a phase 2 randomized clinical trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ identifier: NCT05351684). Half of them received an additional 50 mg of DTG for a period of 84 days. As expected, plasma and tissue DTG concentrations significantly increased during the study period in the intensified group but not in the control group. Accordingly, significant decreases in total HIV DNA, intact HIV DNA, and cell-associated unspliced (US) HIV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as in the US RNA/total DNA ratio, were observed in the intensified group but not in the control group. Intensification also modestly reduced markers of immune activation and exhaustion but had no measurable impact on systemic or tissue inflammation. Together with this, intensification resulted in a temporary decrease in the CD4/CD8 ratio that returned to baseline by day 84. Our results strongly suggest that the pre-intensification ART regimen was not completely suppressive. If confirmed in larger clinical trials, these results could have an impact on the clinical management of PWH and HIV curative strategies.