Abstract
The REPRIEVE Trial recently reported high rates of sudden cardiac death (SCD) middle-aged people living with HIV-1 infection (PWH) using the WHO/NIH-recommended two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)/one integrase strand inhibitor (INSTI) regimen to manage HIV-1 viremia. To date, clinically relevant animal models to delineate underlying causes for this remain limited. Here, we assessed if HIV-1-infected NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid)Il2rg(tm1Wjl)/SzJ humanized mice (Hu-mice) treated with the WHO/NIH-recommended antiretroviral regimen, dolutegravir (DTG, INSTI)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, NRTIs)/emtricitabine (FTC, NRTIs), can recapitulate abnormalities in the ECG and subclinical structural heart disease that serve as harbingers of SCD in middle-aged PWH. HIV-1-infected and uninfected Hu-mice served as controls. After one month of infection (HIV-1(ADA)), ECG intervals/segments were significantly altered. ECG changes progressively worsened as the duration of untreated infection increased. Treating HIV-1-infected animals with the DTG/TDF/FTC for eight weeks, starting four weeks after infection, prevented worsening, but did not restore ECG intervals/segments to those before infection. In hearts from DTG/TDF/FTC-treated animals, steady-state levels of the sarco-(endo) plasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA2) were reduced by 35%. Steady-state levels of type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) did not change, but its phosphorylation status at Ser2808 was 2-fold higher than that of uninfected controls, indicative of a gain-of-function. The density of perfused micro vessels and fibrosis in hearts of DTG/TDF/FTC-treated animals was not significantly different from that of HIV-1-infected and uninfected Hu-mice. These data show for the first time that HIV-1 infection is triggering abnormalities in the ECG of Hu-mice, and changes in ECG persisted with DTG/TDF/FTC treatment, independent of ischemia and/or fibrosis. They also indicate that chronic DTG/TDF/FTC treatment did not worsen ECG changes, including the QT interval. Since phosphorylation of RyR2 at Ser2808 occurs via β-adrenergic activation of protein kinase A, these new data also suggest that chronic hyperadrenergic activity may be increasing the risk of SCD via Ca(2+) leak through RyR2.