Abstract
Based on the level of carcinogenic risk, human papillomavirus can be categorized into high-risk and low-risk types. High-risk human papillomavirus (such as human papillomavirus 16 and human papillomavirus 18) induces the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes p53 and retinoblastoma by encoding E6 and E7 proteins, leading to dysregulated cell cycles and excessive cell proliferation. In urothelial tumors, human papillomavirus infection is associated with the occurrence and progression of bladder cancer, playing a significant role in urothelial tumor development. This may be linked to specific molecular mechanisms triggered by human papillomavirus and its impact on treatment response. Furthermore, high expression of human papillomavirus-related molecular markers, such as p16, can serve as an important tool for predicting and monitoring the prognosis of human papillomavirus-associated tumors. Therefore, detecting and monitoring human papillomavirus infection status and related molecular markers can provide a more accurate assessment of bladder cancer prognosis and offer valuable guidance for formulating personalized treatment plans.