Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs), primarily caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), affect millions annually. UPEC gains access to the urinary tract through mucosal reservoirs, including the vaginal tract. With rising antibiotic resistance and frequent recurrence, alternative non-antibiotic strategies like bacteriophage (phage) therapy are gaining attention. We explored the potential of a lytic phage, ΦHP3, as well as a phage cocktail to decolonize UPEC from the urogenital tract using in vitro and in vivo models. Phage demonstrated replication and lytic activity in both bacteriologic medium and simulated vaginal fluid. Pretreatment of human vaginal epithelial cells (VK2/E6E7) and bladder carcinoma cells (HTB-9) with phage reduced adhesion and invasion of UPEC compared with controls. Phage treatment was further able to reduce intracellular UPEC in VK2 cells. Notably, phage pretreatment did not impact phage-resistant UPEC strains, indicating that phage lysis was the primary driver of phenotypes. Live confocal microscopy confirmed the interaction of phage particles with UPEC and with both epithelial cell lines. In vivo, daily intravaginal ΦHP3 administration in humanized microbiota mice significantly reduced vaginal UPEC burden after 4 days. Treatment with a phage cocktail also reduced vaginal and cervical tissue burdens by day 7 post-treatment. UPEC dissemination was observed in uterine and kidney tissues, but burdens were not different between phage and mock-treated groups. In conclusion, we demonstrate that phage and phage cocktails can modestly reduce UPEC urogenital colonization, highlighting the potential of phage therapy as a viable prevention strategy for UTI.