Abstract
Korea's unique climate and agricultural environment suggest that the gut microbiome of honey bees may possess distinctive compositions influenced by regional factors. With the decline in honey bee populations and rising health challenges, understanding the role of gut microbiomes is essential for enhancing honey bee health and their resilience to environmental stressors. To explore caste-specific gut microbiota and identify microbial signatures associated with honey bee health, this study examined the gut microbial composition of worker bees, queen bees, and drones of Apis mellifera using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Analysis of beta diversity and species richness demonstrated significant differences between worker bees and both drones and queens, with no significant differences identified between drones and queens. Notably, Lactobacillus dominated all groups, comprising 98.6% of the drones, 95.4% of the queens, and 68.3% of the workers. Additionally, Bombella was prominent in queens (4%), whereas Gilliamella (23%) and Frischella (4.7%) were notably enriched in workers. Drones and queens exhibited similar gut microbiome profiles, while workers displayed distinctly different compositions. These findings underscore the variation in gut microbiota composition and potential functional roles across honey bee castes. Such microbial distinctions may reflect caste-specific roles and physiological demands within the colony. Future research should investigate the physiological roles of gut microbiota and their contributions to environmental resilience, paving the way for microbiome-based strategies to promote honey bee health. This study lays a crucial scientific foundation for conserving the honey bee ecosystem and promoting sustainable agriculture.