Abstract
Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene, resulting in a polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (HTT) protein that forms toxic aggregates. Although heat-shock proteins are known to facilitate the refolding or clearance of misfolded proteins, their precise role in modulating protein aggregation in HD remains unclear. Here, we explore the function of caseinolytic peptidase B (ClpB), a mitochondrial AAA+ ATPase and heat-shock protein, in maintaining proteostasis and synaptic integrity in HD. Methods: We examined how CLPB loss or overexpression in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells impacted the aggregation of wild-type HTT (HTT-Q23) and mutant HTT (HTT-Q79). In parallel, AAV-mediated ClpB knockdown or overexpression was applied to the striatum of HD model mice. and HTT aggregation and inhibitory synaptic alterations were assessed. Aggregate burden was quantified via immunostaining, and inhibitory synapse density was evaluated using VGAT immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological recordings. Results: In HEK293T cells, CLPB knockout led to abnormal aggregation of HTT-Q23 while CLPB overexpression reduced the size of HTT-Q79 aggregates. In the mouse striatum, ClpB knockdown increased HTT-Q23 aggregate numbers and altered HTT-Q79 aggregation morphology, whereas CLPB overexpression restored the density and size of VGAT-positive inhibitory synapses and improved inhibitory synaptic transmission in HD model mice. These effects of CLPB overexpression were associated with a reduced mitochondrial aggregation burden, suggesting that ClpB contributes to mitochondrial protein quality control. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that ClpB regulates both physiological and pathological HTT aggregation and contributes to maintaining inhibitory synaptic integrity. By modulating mitochondrial proteostasis, ClpB acts as a protective factor in HD pathology, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders characterized by protein misfolding.