Abstract
Metastasis remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, yet its study has been constrained by the lack of reliable animal models that faithfully replicate this complex process. Syngeneic models for studying lung cancer metastasis are limited, with the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model being the most commonly employed. The conventional LLC orthotopic model involves injecting LLC cells intravenously (i.v.) via the tail vein into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. However, this model has significant drawbacks, such as tumor development in multiple anatomical sites, incomplete lung tumor penetrance, and challenges in monitoring lung tumor growth. This article highlights the advantages of using luciferase-expressing LLC cells combined with bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to quantify tumor progression in live animals. We demonstrate that both white- and black-furred C57BL/6 mice can be used for BLI. Finally, we propose that intranasal (i.n.) instillation of LLC cells offers a valuable alternative to the traditional i.v. tail vein injection method, particularly for its simplicity and improved reproducibility. Although the LLC i.n. model does not recapitulate the metastasis process via the blood vascular route, it is an effective model for studying tumor seeding within the lungs and is particularly useful for analyzing the impact of the lung microenvironment on tumor initiation and progression. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Lewis lung carcinoma intravenous injection method Support Protocol: In vivo bioluminescence imaging Basic Protocol 2: Lewis lung carcinoma intranasal instillation method.