Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in livestock pathogens necessitates the development of effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This review aims to assess the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as alternatives to traditional antibiotics in farm animal production systems, examining their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and applications. A thorough examination of recent literature was conducted to evaluate the properties, classification, and mechanisms of action of AMPs, their natural occurrence, and their applications in poultry, swine, and ruminant production. The review also compared AMPs with conventional antibiotics, antifungals, and antiparasitic drugs. Specific AMPs have shown effectiveness against livestock pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Clostridium perfringens, along with drug-resistant fungi. One of the primary benefits of AMPs is their strong antimicrobial activity against a wide range of pathogens relevant to farm animal health. Innovative delivery systems, such as self-assembly techniques and nanoparticle encapsulation, can tackle the stability and bioavailability issues associated with AMP administration in farm settings. AMPs represent promising alternatives to conventional antimicrobials in livestock production, offering significant benefits, including a reduced risk of resistance development, immunomodulatory effects, and broad-spectrum activity. However, addressing disadvantages related to production costs, stability, and delivery systems is crucial for their successful commercial application. Integrating AMPs into sustainable farming, after overcoming their shortcomings, could significantly contribute to global efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.