Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aimed to adapt the Medical Maximizer-Minimizer Scale (MMS) into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties, including factorial structure, reliability, measurement invariance, and construct validity in the Turkish healthcare context. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 511 Turkish adults completed the Turkish MMS alongside measures of healthcare trust, utilization patterns, and health-related quality of life. The sample was divided into exploratory (n = 256) and confirmatory (n = 255) subsamples using propensity score matching. Classical item analysis, exploratory graph analysis (EGA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to examine dimensional structure. Five competing structural models were compared, followed by measurement invariance testing across demographic groups. Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated through correlations with related constructs. RESULTS: Item analysis and EGA revealed that Item 5 demonstrated poor psychometric properties and was excluded, yielding a nine-item scale. EGA identified a stable two-dimensional structure with high bootstrap stability coefficients (0.946-1.000). The nine-item scale demonstrated good internal consistency (α =0.78, 95% CI [0.74,0.82]). Among five competing models, the bifactor model provided superior fit (CFI =0.997, TLI =0.993, RMSEA =0.021, SRMR =0.025), identifying a general maximizing-minimizing factor alongside two specific dimensions: Generalist View (philosophical orientations toward medical intervention) and Individualist View (concrete healthcare-seeking preferences). Scalar measurement invariance was supported across gender, age, marital status, parental status, and social security status. The scale showed theoretically consistent correlations with healthcare trust (r =0.15-0.25) and utilization intentions (r =0.09-0.29), but minimal associations with health-related quality of life, confirming discriminant validity. CONCLUSION: The nine-item Turkish MMS demonstrates robust psychometric properties with a bifactor structure capturing both general and dimension-specific healthcare orientations. The validated instrument provides a reliable tool for assessing maximizing-minimizing tendencies in Turkish populations and offers a foundation for future research on healthcare utilization and patient-centered communication.