Abstract
The aggressive nature and high recurrence rate of tongue cancer, along with the severe side effects associated with current conventional treatments, underscore the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies that offer improved selectivity and reduced toxicity. Calcium titanate nanoparticles (CaTiO(3)NPs) have previously demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer and A549 non-small cell lung cancer lines. However, their therapeutic potential against tongue cancer remains unexplored. Therefore, this study investigates, for the first time, the cytotoxic effect of CaTiO(3)NPs on HNO-97 tongue cancer cells in comparison to normal human skin fibroblasts (HSF) cells. Using various assays, we assessed their effects on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, genomic DNA and mitochondrial integrity, and cell death pathways. Cytotoxicity assessment using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay demonstrated that CaTiO(3)NPs significantly reduced HNO-97 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 29.67 µg/ml. In contrast, normal HSF cells exhibited a much higher IC50 of 262.6 µg/ml, indicating strong selectivity for cancer cells (selectivity index = 8.85). Mechanistic studies revealed that HNO-97 cell exposure CaTiO(3)NPs at the IC50 concentration markedly increased ROS production, inducing oxidative stress. This led to significant genomic DNA damage, confirmed by the comet assay, and mitochondrial dysfunction, validated through Rhodamine-123 staining. Flow cytometry analysis indicated the induction of both apoptotic and necrotic pathways. At the molecular level, qRT-PCR analysis revealed significant downregulation of key genes, including the pro-apoptotic p53, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and the mitochondrial ND3 gene, supporting the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired DNA repair mechanisms in the observed cytotoxic effects. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CaTiO(3)NPs elicit strong and selective multi-modal cytotoxic effects against HNO-97 tongue cancer cells and minimal impact on normal HSF cells, supporting their promise as a novel nanotherapeutic agent for tongue cancer. Further in vivo studies are needed to validate their therapeutic efficacy, clinical applicability and biosafety.