Abstract
Tirzepatide, a novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has emerged as a groundbreaking treatment for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Initially developed for glycemic control, recent clinical and preclinical data reveal its broader therapeutic potential across a range of metabolic and systemic conditions. This review explores tirzepatide's mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profile, with particular attention to its impact on T2DM, obesity, cardiovascular health, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. By addressing multiple pathophysiological pathways, including insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress, Tirzepatide presents a unique opportunity to redefine treatment paradigms beyond glycemic management. Our review also synthesizes recent evidence on the efficacy and safety of tirzepatide for obesity management specifically in Asian populations; a group frequently underrepresented in global trials. This demographic focus introduces a valuable dimension to the existing body of knowledge. As ongoing trials continue to evaluate its long-term effects, tirzepatide stands at the forefront of a new era in integrated cardiometabolic and neuroprotective therapeutics.