Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been steadily rising, underscoring the need for a clear, stage-specific treatment approach. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system remains the most widely used framework for classifying HCC and guiding therapy. Among its classifications, the intermediate stage (BCLC-B) encompasses a highly heterogeneous patient population, with varying degrees of tumor burden and liver function. Traditionally, transarterial chemoembolization has been the standard treatment for this stage, based on earlier evidence. However, recent studies suggest that a subset of BCLC-B patients-particularly those with localized disease-may benefit more from liver resection. This review summarizes current treatment paradigms for BCLC-B HCC, explores emerging subclassifications within this group, and highlights evolving guidelines that support the selective use of surgery in appropriately chosen patients.