Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between coffee consumption and hypertension risk. METHODS: Using data from the 2005-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) on 41,685 adults, multivariable logistic regression models examined the relationship between categorical coffee intake (none, >0 to < 1, ≥1 to < 2, ≥2 to < 3, ≥3 to < 4, and ≥4 cups/day) and hypertension, with stratified and curve-fitting analyses. RESULTS: Compared to non-consumers, moderate daily intake of 1-3 cups was significantly associated with lower hypertension odds (OR 0.829-0.869, p < 0.05), more prominently in those < 60 years (OR 0.957, 95% CI 0.940-0.975). Curve fitting revealed a U-shaped association between coffee consumption and hypertension risk. CONCLUSION: While a moderate coffee intake (1-3 cups/day) was associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, especially among adults under 60 years, this cross-sectional study cannot establish causality. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.