Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Long COVID definitions vary widely, and no consensus exists on how to accurately measure its prevalence, complicating both clinical care and research. OBJECTIVE: To assess long COVID prevalence using various definitions from published literature. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective, multicenter cohort study used data from the longitudinal Innovative Support for Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE). Participants aged 18 years or older with symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 illness at the time of their index SARS-CoV-2 test enrolled at 8 sites across the US from December 11, 2020, through August 29, 2022, with follow-up surveys collected through February 28, 2023. EXPOSURE: Positive or negative SARS-CoV-2 test result at the time of acute symptoms. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Long COVID prevalence among INSPIRE participants with a positive vs negative index SARS-CoV-2 test, based on long COVID definitions in published literature. Secondary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of published definitions compared with self-reported long COVID. RESULTS: A total of 4575 INSPIRE participants were included (mean [SD] age, 40.40 [14.58] years). Most were female (3013 of 4448 [67.7%]) and aged 18 to 49 years (3338 of 4541 [73.5%]). Applying 5 published definitions for long COVID yielded a prevalence that ranged from 30.84% (95% CI, 29.33%-32.40%) to 42.01% (95% CI, 40.37%-43.66%) at 3 months and 14.23% (95% CI, 13.01%-15.55%) to 21.94% (95% CI, 20.47%-23.47%) at 6 months postinfection; in the 5 comparator studies, reported prevalence of long COVID at 1 to 5 months postinfection ranged from 2.6% (≥84 days) to 47.4% (3-5 months) and at 6 or more months postinfection ranged from 10.0% (95% CI, 8.8%-11.0%) to 61.9% (6-11 months). Using participants' self-reported long COVID as a criterion standard, existing published definitions had low-to-moderate sensitivity (up to 66.32% [95% CI, 62.59%-69.90%] at 3 months and 45.53% [95% CI, 41.51%-49.60%] at 6 months) and high specificity (up to 81.29% [95% CI, 79.32%-83.15%] at 3 months and 94.26% [95% CI, 92.98%-95.37%]) at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study, variability in long COVID prevalence across published definitions highlights the need for a standardized, validated definition to improve clinical recognition and research comparability, ultimately guiding more accurate diagnosis and treatment strategies.