Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Sexual dysfunction is a common adverse effect of prostate cancer treatment, and current management strategies do not adequately address physical and psychological causes. Exercise is a potential therapy in the management of sexual dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of supervised, clinic-based, resistance and aerobic exercise with and without a brief psychosexual education and self-management intervention (PESM) on sexual function in men with prostate cancer compared with usual care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A 3-arm, parallel-group, single-center randomized clinical trial was undertaken at university-affiliated exercise clinics between July 24, 2014, and August 22, 2019. Eligible participants were men with prostate cancer who had previously undergone or were currently undergoing treatment and were concerned about sexual dysfunction. Data analysis was undertaken October 8 to December 23, 2024. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to (1) 6 months of supervised, group-based resistance and aerobic exercise (n = 39 [34.8%]), (2) the same exercise program plus PESM (n = 36 [32.1%]), or (3) usual care (n = 37 [33.0%]). Exercise was to be undertaken 3 days per week. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was sexual function assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Secondary outcomes included body composition, physical function, and muscle strength. Analyses were undertaken using an intention-to-treat approach. RESULTS: In total, 112 participants (mean [SD] age, 66.3 [7.1] years) were randomized. Mean adjusted difference in IIEF score at 6 months favored exercise compared with usual care (3.5; 95% CI, 0.3-6.6; P = .04). The mean adjusted difference for intercourse satisfaction was not significant (1.7; 95% CI, 0.1-3.2; P = .05). PESM did not result in additional improvements. Compared with usual care, exercise also significantly improved fat mass (mean adjusted difference, -0.9 kg; 95% CI, -1.8 to -0.1 kg; P = .02), chair rise performance (mean adjusted difference, -1.8 seconds; 95% CI, -3.2 to -0.5 seconds; P = .002), and upper (mean adjusted difference, 9.4 kg; 95% CI, 6.9-11.9 kg; P < .001) and lower (mean adjusted difference, 17.9 kg; 95% CI, 7.6-28.2 kg; P < .001) body muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this randomized clinical trial of supervised exercise, erectile function in patients with prostate cancer was improved. PESM resulted in no additional improvements. Patients with prostate cancer should be offered exercise following treatment as a potential rehabilitation measure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ANZCTR Identifier: ACTRN12613001179729.