Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Workplace violence (WPV) against health care workers (HCWs) is common and likely underreported. Reliable data on the incidence of WPV and its impact on victims are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively define the frequency of WPV against HCWs in the emergency department (ED), examine whether HCW demographics are associated with increased risk, and explore the impact of these events on HCWs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study was conducted over 2 months in 2023 (August 28 to October 22, 2023) in the ED of a large, urban, academic safety net hospital in the US. Participants included ED physicians, nurses, and other HCWs, who were asked to complete a brief so-called shift sheet for every ED shift worked during the study period. EXPOSURE: WPV as recorded on shift sheets. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the number of events per shift. Events were coded for severity (types 1-5) and gender- or race and ethnicity-related bias. Shift sheets asked for the participant's demographics and whether they experienced verbal or physical abuse during the shift. If so, they were asked to provide a description; rate the impact the event had on them; and indicate whether they felt the event was sexist, racist, or otherwise biased. Perceived impact was recorded, and demographic characteristics associated with the likelihood of experiencing WPV were explored using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 72 HCWs who participated in the study, 52 were female (72%). A total of 575 shift sheets were returned of an estimated 1250 possible (46%), with 155 events, including 77 type 1 events (50%; shouting, yelling, or insults), 29 type 2 events (19%; threats of physical or sexual violence, death threats, or use of slurs), and 39 type 3 events (25%; physical violence); there was a mean (SD) of 3.7 (1.9) shifts per 1 event. No type 4 or 5 events, which involve physical violence causing grievous injuries requiring medical attention and, in the case of type 5 events, permanent disability or death, were recorded. Ten events could not be coded. Sexist or racist bias occurred in 38 events (25%) and 11 events (7%), respectively. Participants reported how the event impacted them in 133 events. Of those, moderate or severe impact was reported in 32 (24%) and mild to no effect in 101 (76%). There was no association between self-reported impact and coded severity of events. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, a higher likelihood of experiencing WPV on any given shift was independently associated with being in the nursing role (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.9-5.0) and being age 40 years or younger (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.5). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cross-sectional study of HCWs in the ED, participants experienced WPV once every 3.7 shifts. The nursing role and younger age were associated with increased risk. These results highlight an urgent need to identify interventions to support and protect HCWs.