Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Innovation centers in US health care systems are increasingly common but variably successful and sustainable. Few studies have examined how and why some centers achieve sustainable success but others do not. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether and how innovation centers in US health care systems are able to successfully sustain themselves over multiple years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this qualitative study, semistructured, qualitative interviews of leaders at 9 innovation centers across the US were conducted from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020. Data analysis was conducted from December 2020 to April 2021 using qualitative methods and a deductive framework based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Centers were identified through purposeful sampling. The 9 study centers had a mean age of 6 years (range, 2-15 years); most were affiliated with an academic teaching hospital and half with a medical school. Two were wholly separate from the health care system. Two-thirds had fewer than 10 full-time staff members. EXPOSURES: All interviewees were staff of a US-based innovation center. This study did not evaluate particular interventions or innovations. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Perceptions of and views on factors associated with the success and sustainability of innovation centers. RESULTS: Staff interviewed at 9 innovation centers across the US described 3 key activities that appeared to be associated with long-term sustainability: facilitating innovation projects that were valued for quality improvement and cost avoidance, not just return on investment; acting as networking nodes for their institutions; and upskilling staff. These activities were associated with improved institutional culture. Two structural characteristics underpinned successful centers: finding an effective balance between being "internal" and being "external" to the organization and providing practical support and skills otherwise lacking within the wider institution. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This qualitative study of 9 innovation centers explored how centers sustained themselves within US health care institutions and showed that success was often associated with interpersonal relationships and cultural benefits. Independent financial sustainability was not always essential to longevity; systems also valued how centers could create cultures of innovation and upskill staff.