Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Buprenorphine has been approved for opioid use disorder treatment, yet remains underutilized. Cost may present a barrier; little is known about how out-of-pocket costs vary. OBJECTIVE: To determine if out-of-pocket costs and prescription characteristics for buprenorphine varied by type of payer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used all-payer data on retail pharmacy-dispensed buprenorphine prescriptions from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2020, for adults (aged ≥18 years) in the US, excluding formulations primarily used to treat pain. Data were analyzed from July 2021 to June 2022. EXPOSURES: Type of payer (private and commercial, self-pay, Medicaid, Medicare, assistance, and unknown) for dispensed prescription. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: All outcomes are prescription-level. Mean and median daily out-of-pocket costs were calculated overall and by payer type. Prescription characteristics (days supplied, patient age and sex, generic vs name brand formulations, and prescriber's location) were examined by payer type. RESULTS: Although mean daily out-of-pocket costs decreased overall from $4.79 (95% CI, $4.79-$4.80) in 2015 (7 375 508 prescriptions) to $1.91 (95% CI, $1.90-$1.91) in 2020 (13 486 822 prescriptions), out-of-pocket costs continued to vary by payer in 2020. Medicaid had the lowest mean daily out-of-pocket cost across all years-$0.18 (95% CI, $0.18-$0.18) in 2015, and $0.10 (95% CI, $0.10-$0.10) in 2020. Private and commercial paid prescriptions fell from $4.80 (95% CI, $4.79-$4.81) per day in 2015 to $1.82 (95% CI, $1.82-$1.83) in 2020. Self-pay and assistance categories had the highest mean daily out-of-pocket costs across study years ($9.76 [95% CI, $9.74-$9.78] and $8.72 [95% CI, $8.71-$8.73], respectively, in 2015; $8.44 [95% CI, $8.43-$8.46] and $6.31 [95% CI, $6.30-$6.31], respectively, in 2020). Medicaid paid prescriptions had a mean supply of 15.59 days (95% CI, 15.58-15.59 days) and the lowest percentage of generic prescriptions (57.88%; 95% CI, 57.84%-57.92%). Out-of-pocket cost varied by prescriber location and patient characteristics; mean costs were highest for prescriptions written in the South ($2.91; 95% CI, $2.90-$2.91), metropolitan counties ($1.93; 95% CI, $1.93-$1.93), and for individuals aged 35 to 44 years ($2.10; 95% CI, $2.09-$2.10). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This cross-sectional study found that mean daily out-of-pocket costs for buprenorphine were lower in 2020 than in 2015, but variation by payer existed in all study years. Financial barriers to accessing and maintaining buprenorphine for opioid use disorder treatment may exist and differ by type of prescription coverage. Future research could monitor costs and identify potential barriers that may impact access and retention in care.